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Chapter 1 BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING

1.1. Instrument Categories.

Figure 1.1. Attitude Instrument Flying.

1.2. Control and Performance Concept.

Figure 1.2. Instrument Cross-Check Technique.

Figure 1.3. Typical Instrument Cockpit Layout.

1.3. Display of Flight Instrumentation (Figure 1)

Chapter 2 INSTRUMENT FLIGHT MANEUVERS

2.1. Basic Maneuvers.

Figure 2.1. Typical Instrument Flight.

2.2. The Instrument Takeoff (ITO).

2.3. Individual Maneuvers.

Figure 2.2. Leading the Level Off.

Figure 2.3. Airspeed Deviation.

Figure 2.4. Level Turns.

2.4. Basic Aircraft Control Maneuvers-Fixed Wing.

Figure 2.5. Vertical "S"- A.

Figure 2.6. Vertical "S"- B.

Figure 2.7. Vertical "S"- C and "S"- D.

Figure 2.8. Attitude Indications During Wingover.

Figure 2.9. Attitude Indications During Aileron Roll.

2.5. Unusual Attitudes.

Figure 2.10. Verify That an Unusual Attitude Exists.

3.1. Application.

3.2. Basic Systems.

Figure 3.1. Navigation Instruments.

Figure 3.2. Bearing Distance Heading Indicator (BDHI).

3.3. Flight Director.

Figure 3.3. Typical Flight Director.

Figure 3.4. ADI and HSI.

Figure 3.5. Electronic HIS.

3.4. Flight Management System (FMS).

Figure 3.6. Typical Flight Management System.

3.5. Single Medium Displays.

Figure 3.7. Helmet Mounted Display.

4.1. Precautions.

4.2. VHF Omni-Directional Range (VOR).

4.3. Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN).

4.4. VHF Omni-Directional Range/Tactical Air Navigation (VORTAC).

4.5. Distance Measuring Equipment (DME).

4.6. Instrument Landing System (ILS).

Figure 4.1. Standard ILS Characteristics and Terminology.

Figure 4.2. Normal Localizer Signal Coverage.

4.7. Microwave Landing System (MLS).

4.8. Marker Beacon (Figure 4)

4.9. Localizer Type Directional Aid (LDA).

Figure 4.3. LDA With Glide Slope.

4.10. Simplified Directional Facility (SDF).

4.11. Nondirectional Radio Beacon (NDB).

4.12. Global Positioning System (GPS).

Figure 4.4. SDF Approach.

Figure 4.5. GPS.

4.13. Inertial Navigation System (INS).

5.1. Application.

5.2. Homing to a Station (Figure 5)

Figure 5.1. Curved Flight Path as a Result of Homing with a Crosswind.

5.3. Proceeding Direct to a Station.

5.4. Course Intercepts.

Figure 5.2. Inbound Course Interceptions (HSI, CI and RMI).

Figure 5.3. Inbound Course Interceptions (RMI Only).

Figure 5.4. Outbound Course Interceptions-Immediately After Station Passage (HSI, CI and RMI). 57

Figure 5.5. Outbound Course Interceptions-Immediately After Station Passage (RMI Only).

Figure 5.6. Outbound Course Interceptions-Away From the Station (HSI, CI and RMI).

Figure 5.7. Outbound Course Interceptions-Away From the Station (RMI Only).

Figure 5.8. Maintaining Course.

5.5. Station Passage.

5.6. Groundspeed Check.

Figure 5.9. Arc Interception From a Radial.

5.7. Arc/Radial Intercepts.

Figure 5.10. Correcting to Maintain an Arc.

Figure 5.11. Radial Interception From an Arc.

5.8. Proceeding Direct to a VOR/DME or TACAN Fix.

Figure 5.12. Proceeding Direct to a DME Fix.

5.9. Area Navigation.

5.10. GPS Navigation.

Figure 5.13. RNP Parallel Approach (RPA).

Figure 5.14. RNP Parallel Approach Runway Transitions (RPAT).

Figure 5.15. RNP Converging Runway Operations.

5.11. Database Issues for RNAV and GPS Navigation.

Chapter 6 PLANNING AN INSTRUMENT FLIGHT

6.1. Preflight Planning.

6.2. NOTAMS.

6.3. Weather.

Table 6.1. Temperature Correction Chart.

6.4. Route.

Figure 6.1. Enroute Charts for Navigation in Higher Latitudes.

Figure 6.2. Canadian Northern Control Area Boundaries (Areas South of 70°N Where True Tracks 89

6.5. Planning the Approach.

Figure 6.3. Equipment Requirements for IAP.

Figure 6.4. IAP With "/" in Title.

Figure 6.5. More Than One Approach With Same Final Approach Guidance.

Figure 6.6. Circling Approach.

Figure 6.7. True VOR Approach.

Figure 6.8. True NDB Approach.

Figure 6.9. True ILS Approach.

Figure 6.10. Magnetic Heading Reference With Grid Course.

Figure 6.11. Grid Approach.

Figure 6.12. Review of the IAP.

Figure 6.14. RNAV (GPS) Approach Minimums.

Figure 6.15. RNAV (GPS) Chart Symbology.

Table 6.2. Maximum Descent Angle for RNP and WAAS Approaches.

Figure 6.16. Terminal Arrival Area (TAA).

Figure 6.17. Stand Alone GPS Approach.

Figure 6.18. "or GPS" Approach.

Figure 6.19. RNP SAAAR.

6.6. Instrument Cockpit Check.

6.7. IFR Flight in Uncontrolled Airspace.

6.8. Instrument Approaches to Uncontrolled Airports.

6.9. Flyability Checks.

6.10. Procedure and Database Problem Reporting.

Chapter 7 IFR DEPARTURE PROCEDURES

7.1. Introduction.

7.2. IFR Departure Philosophy.

7.3. Planning an Instrument Departure.

Figure 7.1. Diverse Departure Obstacle Assessment to 25 / 46 NM.

Figure 7.2. Joint Use Designation From IFR Supplement.

Figure 7.3. Specific Runway End Crossing Height.

Figure 7.4. Low Close-in Obstacles.

7.4. IFR Departure Procedures (DP).

Figure 7.5. "Trouble T".

Figure 7.6. Non-Standard Weather Minima.

Figure 7.7. ODP Specific to Aircraft Category.

Figure 7.8. Minimum Climb Gradient In Lieu of Non-Standard Weather Minima.

Figure 7.9. Non-Standard takeoff minima AND a required climb gradient:

Figure 7.10. ODP with specific routing.

Figure 7.11. Combination of Methods.

Figure 7.12. Visual Climb Over the Airport (VCOA) Procedure.

Figure 7.13. RTRL Procedure.

Figure 7.14. RTRL Changing Controlling Obstacle.

Figure 7.15. Sector Diverse Departure.

Figure 7.16. Pilot-Nav SID.

Figure 7.17. Vector SID.

Figure 7.18. Diverse Departure Authorized (for Runway 10 ONLY!).

Figure 7.19. Diverse Departure Not Authorized.

7.5. Reducing Required Climb Gradients.

Figure 7.20. Subtracting 48'/NM.

Figure 7.21. KABQ Normal Obstacle Departure Procedures.

Figure 7.22. KABQ Special Departure Procedure.

7.6. RNAV Departure Procedures (Figure 7)

Figure 7.23. RNAV DP.

7.7. Decision Tree For Departures.

Figure 7.24. Departure Decision Tree.

Chapter 8 HOLDING

8.1. Definition.

Figure 8.1. Holding Pattern.

8.2. Holding Instruction.

Figure 8.2. Charted Holding Pattern.

Table 8.1. Maximum Holding Airspeeds.

8.3. Holding Pattern Procedures.

Figure 8.3. 70 degree Method.

Figure 8.4. AIM Method.

8.4. FMS Holding Procedures.

8.5. Holding Pattern Suggestions.

Figure 8.5. Copying Holding Instructions.

8.6. Drift Corrections.

8.7. High Altitude Approach Plate Depiction (postage stamp).

8.8. Descent.

Chapter 9 ARRIVAL

9.1. En Route Descent Procedure/Technique.

9.2. Descent.

9.3. Established on Course.

9.4. High Altitude Procedures.

Figure 9.1. Feeder Routes (High Altitude).

Figure 9.2. Cleared for the Approach While En Route to the Holding Fix.

Figure 9.3. Leading the Turn at the IAF.

9.5. Low Altitude Procedures.

9.6. Radar Vectors (Figure 9)

Figure 9.4. Minimum Vector Altitude (MVA) Chart.

9.7. Pilot Responsibilities.

9.8. Standard Terminal Arrivals (STARs) (Figure 9)

Figure 9.5. Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR).

Figure 9.6. RNAV STAR.

9.9. Flight Management System Procedures (FMSP) for Arrivals.

Chapter 10 HIGH ALTITUDE APPROACHES

10.1. Application.

10.2. Non-DME Teardrop Approaches.

Figure 10.1. Non-DME Teardrop-High Altitude Approach.

10.3. Radial Approaches.

Figure 10.2. Radial - High Altitude Approach.

Figure 10.3. Radial and Arc Combination Approach.

10.4. Radial and Arc Combination Approaches (Figure 10)

10.5. Multiple Facility Approaches (Figure 10)

Figure 10.4. Multiple Facility Approach.

10.6. Approach With Dead Reckoning (DR) Courses.

Figure 10.5. Dead Reckoning Courses.

Chapter 11 LOW ALTITUDE APPROACHES

11.1. Introduction.

Figure 11.1. Low Altitude Approach.

11.2. Overview.

Figure 11.2. Approach Depicting Only the Final Approach Segment.

11.3. Types of Course Reversals.

Figure 11.3. Procedure Turn Course Reversal.

Figure 11.4. HILO Approach.

Figure 11.5. NoPT Routing.

11.4. Procedure Turns.

Figure 11.6. Procedure Turn Area.

11.5. Methods for Flying Procedure Turns.

Figure 11.7. Procedure Turn Approach with No FAF Depicted.

11.6. Holding Method.

Figure 11.8. PT Fix Altitude.

11.7. The 45°/180° and the 80°/260° Course Reversals.

11.8. Holding Pattern in Lieu of Procedure Turn (HILO PT).

11.9. Procedural Tracks.

Figure 11.9. Procedure Track Approach (Straight-in).

Figure 11.10. Procedure Track Approach (Arcing Final).

Figure 11.11. Procedure Track Approach (Arc to Radial).

Figure 11.12. Procedure Track Approach (Teardrop).

11.10. RNAV (GPS) Entry Procedures Via the Terminal Arrival Area (TAA).

Figure 11.13. Terminal Arrival Area (TAA).

Figure 11.14. Modified T Design.

Figure 11.15. Parallel T Design.

Figure 11.16. Standard TAA Area.

Figure 11.17. RNAV GPS Approach With TAA.

Figure 11.18. Descents in TAA.

Figure 11.19. Entry Procedures for Modified TAAs.

Figure 11.20. Entry Procedures for One-Base TAAs.

Figure 11.21. TAA with Feeders from an Airway.

11.11. Helicopter Only Approaches (Figure 11)

Figure 11.22. Copter Only Approach.

Figure 11.23. Short Final Approach.

Figure 11.24. Point in Space Approach.

Chapter 12 FINAL APPROACH

12.1. Final Approach Guidance.

Figure 12.1. Visual Descent Point (VDP).

12.2. Non-radar Approaches.

Figure 12.2. Computed MLS Approach.

Figure 12.3. Non-Computed MLS Approach at Boise, ID.

Figure 12.4. Non-Computed Mode/Computed Mode.

12.3. Radar.

12.4. Visual Approach.

12.5. Contact Approach.

12.6. IAP with Visual Segment.

Figure 12.5. IAP with Visual Segment.

12.7. Charted Visual Flight Procedures (CVFPs).

Figure 12.6. Charted Visual Flight Procedure.

12.8. Converging Approaches (Figure 12)

Figure 12.7. Converging ILS Approach.

12.9. ILS Precision Runway Monitor (ILS/PRM) Approaches (Figure 12)

Figure 12.8. ILS/PRM Approach.

Figure 12.9. ILS/PRM Approach with Attention All Users Page.

12.10. Simultaneous Offset Instrument Approaches (SOIA).

Figure 12.10. SOIA Approaches.

12.11. Transponder Landing Systems (TLS).

Figure 12.11. TLS Approach.

Chapter 13 LANDING FROM INSTRUMENT APPROACHES

13.1. Planning the Approach and Landing.

13.2. Transitioning From Instrument to Visual Flight Conditions.

Figure 13.1. Downward Vision Angle.

13.3. Approach Lighting Systems.

13.4. Runway Lighting Systems (Figure 13)

Figure 13.2. Runway Lighting Systems.

13.5. Runway Markings.

13.6. Circling Approaches.

Figure 13.3. The Circling Approach.

13.7. Side-Step Maneuver Procedures.

Chapter 14 MISSED APPROACH

14.1. Planning.

14.2. Missed Approach Point (MAP).

14.3. Missed Approach/Departure Instructions.

14.4. Actual Missed Approach.

Figure 14.1. Missed Approach from the Circling Approach.

Chapter 15 INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO) PROCEDURES

15.1. Introduction.

15.2. Definitions.

15.3. Departure Procedures.

Table 15.1. Maximum Airspeed on Departure.

15.4. Low Altitude Approach Procedures.

Figure 15.1. 45°/180° Course Reversal.

Figure 15.2. 80°/260° Course Reversal.

Figure 15.3. Base Turns.

Figure 15.4. Comparison of FAA and ICAO Protected Airspace for a Procedure Turn.

Figure 15.5. Procedure Turn Entry (45°/180° or 80°/260°).

Figure 15.6. Base Turn Entry.

Table 15.2. Maximum Approach Speeds.

Figure 15.7. Racetrack Procedure.

Table 15.3. Maximum Airspeeds for Circling Approaches.

Figure 15.8. LLZ Approach.

15.5. Holding.

Figure 15.9. ICAO Holding Pattern Entry Sectors.

Table 15.4. ICAO Holding Airspeeds.

15.6. ICAO Altimeter Setting Procedures.

Table 15.5. Allowable Altimeter Errors at Ground Checkpoint for Airports Up to 3500 Feet Elevation With Atmospheric Pressure at or Above Standard.

Table 15.6. Allowable Altimeter Errors at Ground Checkpoint for Airports Above 3500 Feet Elevation or Atmospheric Pressure Lower Than Standard (Altimeter Range 0-30,000 Feet).

Table 15.7. Allowable Altimeter Errors at Ground Checkpoint for Airports Above 3500 Feet Elevation or Atmospheric Pressure Lower Than Standard (Altimeter Range 0-50,000 Feet).

15.7. Units of Measure for Altitudes.

Chapter 16 CATEGORY II AND III ILS

16.1. Category II ILS Approach (Airport, Aircraft, and Aircrew Certification Required) (Figure 16)

Figure 16.1. Category II ILS.

16.2. Category III ILS (Airport, Aircraft, & Aircrew Certification Required) (Figure 16.2).

Figure 16.2. Category III ILS.

Attachment 1GLOSSARY OF REFERENCES AND SUPPORTING INFORMATION

Table of Contents